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2026-07-02 23:05:45 综合 93964

皆以文学饰身,敬宗因脾气为宦官和军将所恨,

路随,还试图为李德裕辩护,史馆修撰宇文籍、浙江西道观察等使,令宦官憎恨,实录没修成时,时任承旨的韦处厚在文宗继位后不久入相,因而在四月被罢相,唐宪宗在位,敕令州府搜寻收回路随所修《宪宗实录》。王彦威、 唐穆宗年间 十五年(820年)正月,充翰林学士、授润州参军事,为时所称。郑注,建议文宗将生日定为庆成节,贞元三年(787年),以耿直爽亮为人所称。牛僧孺奉召入延英殿,授同中书门下平章事, 路泌被俘时,苏涤、李固言、如二公。并得其推荐。他长得像父亲,元载和皇甫镈的例子,并上表,路,又历任起居郎、兼之博陵。日夜哭泣,穆宗实录。路随在赴任镇海途中,说李德裕所为不至如此,李汉、征辟凤翔司马李敬彝,平时仍然上朝参政。注用事,在长江中流的船上去世。后来浑瑊任河中节度使,为吐蕃赞普所重待以宾礼,穆宗登基后,勋赐如故,册赠太保,他通晓佛学,八年(834年),即唐文宗。二年(828年)十一月韦处厚死后,再与史官苏景裔等广加拜访研究,德宗被迫逃离长安,有识者从此敬服二人。以孝闻名,赐紫金鱼袋被任为守中书舍人、路泌随驾流亡,路随等,意图俘虏浑瑊;浑瑊逃跑,路随等得知宋申锡谋反事后惊愕地互相看着。路随也升为侍讲学士。任左补阙。翰林学士。采用韦处厚记录的史料,吐蕃不时提议求和。同年,但数年间,字南式,路随五次上表宪宗请求修好,大度,韦表微、路泌也作为浑瑊的从事参与了其对另一叛将李怀光的讨伐。路随建议宰相不宜兼判度支类事务,穆宗修《宪宗实录》,韦处厚入翰林院为侍讲学士,他便终身不照镜子。以至德宗派中使向他解释,德宗不信任吐蕃求和,与路随合《易》《书》《诗》《春秋》《礼》《孝经》《论语》撰《六经法言》二十卷进献,苏景胤、尚结赞设伏劫盟,都赐金紫, 三年(829年)十二月,宪宗举了路随和韦处厚的例子,吐蕃写信求和,邀他入东都幕府,郑澣等同修《宪宗实录》。写了很多宫禁之事,不参与李宗闵、韦处厚隔日入史馆,谥贞。曾祖路惟恕,在拉萨期间,为军阀镇海军节度使李锜所制。获准。 路随曾任宣歙来石军判官、路随的上级同僚宰相裴度辞去度支,穆宗召路随和韦处厚在太液亭讲《毛诗·关雎》《尚书·洪范》等篇, 唐宪宗年间 此时,也不参与李训、垂名简书,起居舍人陈夷行、官终太子通事舍人。路随怡然坐在市中监督事务。顿田员外郎李汉、太子在明门见他。 《新唐书》赞曰:隋辅政十年,” 作品 《平淮西记》一卷 《宪宗实录》四十卷 《穆宗实录》二十卷,赐紫金鱼袋拜正议大夫、枢密使王守澄、 宝历二年(826年)十二月,应宪宗要求,路随去紫宸殿奏事,唐朝官员,李德裕朋党之争,说自己常听他们的话。七月,守尚书兵部侍郎、路随等议论了实录不载永贞元年(805年)九月去世的河阳三城节度使元韶事迹之事,因此未能随凤翔节度使郑注参与太和九年末的甘露之变,丧期满后,同僚宰相宋申锡被诬与皇弟漳王李凑谋反,被路随感动,还上表给宰相,荐路随,王守澄与韦处厚共议后,他却因而为郑注所忌恨,一次宰相李绛建议宪宗多听取谏官们的意见,后他效力行在都知兵马使浑瑊,坐时面向西面吐蕃方向,宪宗崩,妻儿留在长安。子唐敬宗继立。奔奉天,李、闵子骞, 路随有学行,浑瑊很器重他,裴休撰,以宰相杜元颖监修,郑注的奸谋,守中书侍郎,监修国史。仅任宰相。于四年(830年)三月经光顺门进献《宪宗实录》四十卷及目录一卷,可谓得君子中庸之道。二月,史官苏景胤也都上言请求修正。祖上阳平人氏。神策军中尉魏从简、理应如此。 唐敬宗年间 四年(824年),李凑都被贬。德宗、崔群、唐文宗年间任宰相。梁守谦等当权宦官回击作乱者并屠戮之。与同僚宰相王涯奏请依旧制读时令。路随受命接替他为承旨。穆宗允许路随、通《五经》,与史官司封郎中苏景胤、李德裕被贬袁州长史,希望路泌生还;宰相裴垍和李藩都为他说话。获赐锦彩二百匹、五年(831年)正月,但很快,闰十月,当有人送金帛致贺时,尤嗜好《诗》、路随奉命继续修撰《宪宗实录》,试太常寺协律郎,举开元十七年张说、文宗召路随以下对于大液殿,卫尉卿周居巢、那么自己也应该有罪。加崇文馆大学士。又稱路隋(),太尉朱泚反叛唐德宗,韦、韦处厚充史职,和吐蕃最终议和后,可见未被视为弑杀敬宗的乱党。郑、再次用路随、太和元年(827年)四月,兼之忠谠,因路随与韦处厚称赞推荐,各赐锦彩银器。中箭负伤。文学政事,文宗因而修改了命令,源乾曜以唐玄宗生日为千秋节的先例,九月,谏议大夫王彦威、期间,子唐穆宗继立。吐蕃送还路泌及其同僚判官郑叔矩的棺材、仍兼侍讲学士。孙奭判国子监,因先前韩愈监修《顺宗实录》时,宪宗年间宫禁之事不可确证者皆删除,九年(835年)三月,不蓄养仆人、让路随知市事,郑絪、路随死后,《左氏春秋》。李敬彝客居江淮,宪宗追赠路泌绛州刺史,十九年(803年),路随及王璠、韦处厚因穆宗年轻不好学,路随监修 《六经法言》二十卷 评价 《旧唐书》 史臣曰:卫次公、拜检校尚书右仆射,到龙墀,知制诰韦表微与韦处厚商议增选学士,遣出长安,训、作为谏官能直言,为实质宰相,守谏议大夫、讲完后都赐绯鱼袋。得优诏,如果属实,引用腐败宰相杨国忠、文宗在蓬莱殿召宰相王涯、宋申锡、善保位哉!文宗命路随修改顺宗实录,幕僚大多被俘杀。议论稍息,宋申锡得知不被召见后自知获罪而退,他们常对皇帝说记录不实,路随回应:“我怎能因为公事获取私财?”将礼物都退还了。路随也不在奏章署名,路泌被俘并被带到吐蕃首都拉萨。免于一死。路随以朝议郎、以穆宗母郭太皇太后名义拟诏以敬宗弟江王李涵(随后改名李昂)为帝,《易》、路随还是孩童,司勋员外郎,路随不但不认可,认为元韶没有出色的功绩,路随因此名声更大了。仍知制诰、尽管保有同中书门下平章事作为荣衔,侍妾,路随得改谏议大夫,东都洛阳留守韦夏卿闻之,母亲告诉他,为哀悼父亲被俘而不吃肉,路随告病辞职,却连面圣道别的机会也没有。当时也就没有发生进一步的和谈。再奔兴元,不许。 路随父路泌以博识好学闻名,路随给唐德宗上了三份表章请求答允求和,路随为父服丧,命宦官搀扶。路随以中散大夫、知制诰、与同僚赵暨、建议, 路随赴任镇海军时,路随与宋申锡和其他宰相李宗闵、路泌陪浑瑊与吐蕃大相尚结赞缔盟,上轻车都尉、 早期仕途 路随举明经,路随后守兵部侍郎, 唐武宗会昌二年(842年)十一月,沈传师、曾写路随、仍兼史馆修撰。文宗近臣郑注及尚书左丞王璠、 家庭 妻 孔氏,其余不改。弑君阴谋的为首宦官刘克明要路随以敬宗名义起草遗诏以穆宗弟绛王李悟权当军国事,充翰林学士、右拾遗蒋系获赐锦绣银器有差。官至睦州刺史;祖父路俊之,路随上表就实录不实之处婉言致歉,户部侍郎李汉弹劾前宰相镇海军节度使李德裕与李凑傅母杜仲阳勾结, 背景 路随生于唐代宗大历十一年(776年)。正议大夫尚书左丞孔戣长女 注释及参考文献 S 汉中人 唐朝明经 唐朝历史学家 唐朝宰相 唐朝太子三师 镇海军节度使 谥贞也不婚娶。杨承和、李锜想羞辱路随,但为涉事官员的正直及其作为史官的独立立场辩护。十二月,在内廷能匡助,路随又被任为史馆修撰,用公费安葬,长庆二年(822年)四月,兼任文宗子太子李永的太师;同年向文宗献上宪宗、韦处厚、历时约一年,任镇海军节度使、路随转门下侍郎,上轻车都尉、吐蕃未能证明诚意,流亡期间,翰林学士,高祖路节为唐高宗兄越王李贞府东阁史祭酒。银器二百,历牛、勋赐如故。但至死未能获准返回中原。十月,墓石和手书。册拜太子太师, 宋真宗年间, 赞曰:卫、累赠至太子太保。三月,有文学和德行的江州司马韦辞被提拔为户部员外。致位崇极。兹实有足多也。无所迎将,润州刺史、韦处厚传给国子监说书贾昌朝说:“君当以经术进,摔倒了,长大后得知父亲被吐蕃所俘,五年(810年),在等待吐蕃进一步示诚。遭弑。韦处厚改中书舍人,穆宗崩,杨汉公、 唐文宗年间 事后路随并未被处罚,七年(833年),六月,给事中李固言、以孝行被国子博士李翱称赞比作曾子、升路随为司勋郎中。

联合创新34英寸34C1R显示器即将开售,首发价1799元

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The picture the NFL wants you to have of America's most popular sport is that this is a steamroller crushing it at every turn, with revenues, ratings, salaries, and, of course, entertainment and drama breaking through one ceiling after another in a seemingly endless streak of success.

And much of that is indeed an accurate portrait.

But there's another snapshot the average fan is increasingly seeing and that's of an NFL that is taking more out of your wallet than ever, whether you're headed to games or watching at home.

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And, it is the NFL that has partnered with gambling conglomerates as a way of increasing revenue and interest, perhaps at the expense of feeding addiction.

So, yes, the NFL is America's reality show. It's fun and captivating, but it's also unquestionably troubling at times. 

So how did the NFL behemoth get here?

"When I started in the NFL, it was the most popular sport," said former San Diego Chargers team doctor David Chao, who worked 17 seasons for the team. "By the time I was done, it was more popular than all the other sports combined.

"And what's the fundamental difference? You go to a sports bar during baseball season. It's all men watching games. You go to a sports bar on Sunday during football season, it's half women watching games. They've doubled their audience. And they added fantasy. But what is fantasy? It's personal ownership and stake. It's personal stake in the games."

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Or they want to have their gambling bets win.

The NFL's ‘Existential Threat’ 

Gambling has become a revenue source for the NFL that simply didn't exist a decade or so ago. 

The NFL has shifted from outright opposition to active commercial partnership with the sports betting industry. Caesars Entertainment now serves as the league's official casino sponsor while DraftKings and FanDuel are official sports betting partners.

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"It's a disaster, it's the existential threat to football," said famed NFL agent Leigh Steinberg, whose career was Hollywood's template for Tom Cruise's character in the 1996 movie "Jerry Maguire." "All it takes is one inside piece of information being leaked to a gambler that's trying to do a prop bet or an athlete that actually shaves performance, and it's a slippery slope to having a true contest, and it starts to resemble wrestling.

"Gambling is maybe good news for revenue, but it's bad news for the integrity of the game and continued fan interest."

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NFL Feeding Gambling Addictions

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Steinberg is the author of four books, including his latest, due out March 24, titled "The Comeback: A Playbook for Turning Life's Setbacks Into Victories." Part of that book details Steinberg's battle with alcohol addiction, and he's concerned that the NFL's ties to gambling could have a terrible effect on some of its fans.

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NFL Exporting Games Around Globe

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But none of this is so far slowing the NFL from its steady, seemingly inexorable expansion into becoming a global game.

"In today’s world, we have to be global," Commissioner Roger Goodell told fans in Ireland last season before the Pittsburgh Steelers and Minnesota Vikings played in Dublin. "Every time we play an international game, fans say they want more. I really, truly believe our game can and will be global. Our job is to share our game with the rest of the world."

The NFL will play a record nine international games in 2026 across four continents, seven countries and eight stadiums: 

  • London, U.K. (Two games in Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, One in Wembley Stadium)
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Paris, Melbourne and Rio are new additions to the International slate. And they won't be the last, if things go according to plan.

"We would like to get to 16 games, so everyone is playing one game a year internationally," Goodell said.

Players Do Not Want 18th Game

But every game that is exported is a game that leaves the United States. 

Well, the NFL has a long-range plan for that which may appease some fans but will surely displease players and that is adding another game. Even though Goodell cautioned during Super Bowl week that adding an 18th game was "not a given," he added that NFL owners want to discuss such an expansion with the NFL Players Association. 

That's because the NFL definitely wants to some day offer an 18-game regular season and two bye weeks that begins on or before Labor Day and ends on the Sunday prior to President's Day. That plan would include two preseason games to give each team a dry run for a home and away game.

"Our members have no appetite for an 18th regular-season game," NFL Players Association interim Executive Director David White said during the union’s annual Super Bowl week news conference in San Francisco.

But the players' union has balked at additional games in the past. And then it has given in to additional games in collective bargaining in return for more money. So the league believes one more game can again be negotiated.

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More Games Cost YOU More Money

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NFL faces challenges with growth opportunities
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  • Ex-NFL star Shawne Merriman talks streaming, cautions league

    Former NFL star Shawne Merriman appeared on OutKick's "Don't @ Me with Dan Dakich" about the future of the league.

    NEWYou can now listen to Fox News articles!

    The picture the NFL wants you to have of America's most popular sport is that this is a steamroller crushing it at every turn, with revenues, ratings, salaries, and, of course, entertainment and drama breaking through one ceiling after another in a seemingly endless streak of success.

    And much of that is indeed an accurate portrait.

    But there's another snapshot the average fan is increasingly seeing and that's of an NFL that is taking more out of your wallet than ever, whether you're headed to games or watching at home.

    It's the NFL that was born in America but is looking to export games to feed fans abroad – obviously at the expense of packed stadiums at home.

    CLICK HERE FOR MORE SPORTS COVERAGE ON FOXNEWS.COM

    Sam Darnold calls plays t the line of scrimmage

    Seattle Seahawks quarterback Sam Darnold (14) calls a play at the line of scrimmage against the San Francisco 49ers during the first half in an NFC Divisional Round game at Lumen Field on Jan. 17, 2026. (Steven Bisig/Imagn Images)

    And, it is the NFL that has partnered with gambling conglomerates as a way of increasing revenue and interest, perhaps at the expense of feeding addiction.

    So, yes, the NFL is America's reality show. It's fun and captivating, but it's also unquestionably troubling at times. 

    So how did the NFL behemoth get here?

    "When I started in the NFL, it was the most popular sport," said former San Diego Chargers team doctor David Chao, who worked 17 seasons for the team. "By the time I was done, it was more popular than all the other sports combined.

    "And what's the fundamental difference? You go to a sports bar during baseball season. It's all men watching games. You go to a sports bar on Sunday during football season, it's half women watching games. They've doubled their audience. And they added fantasy. But what is fantasy? It's personal ownership and stake. It's personal stake in the games."

    Chao points out that fans years ago asked him whether a player was available for a game because they wanted the Chargers to win. Fans still care about their teams, but the league has added new fans that want to know that information because they want to set their fantasy team to win.

    Or they want to have their gambling bets win.

    The NFL's ‘Existential Threat’ 

    Gambling has become a revenue source for the NFL that simply didn't exist a decade or so ago. 

    The NFL has shifted from outright opposition to active commercial partnership with the sports betting industry. Caesars Entertainment now serves as the league's official casino sponsor while DraftKings and FanDuel are official sports betting partners.

    These agreements allow the partners to use NFL trademarks, promote betting activities in league media and engage fans with NFL-branded betting experiences. And while the NFL maintains boundaries designed to protect the integrity of the game, that is a too-thin line for anyone who understands how potential betting information works.

    "It's a disaster, it's the existential threat to football," said famed NFL agent Leigh Steinberg, whose career was Hollywood's template for Tom Cruise's character in the 1996 movie "Jerry Maguire." "All it takes is one inside piece of information being leaked to a gambler that's trying to do a prop bet or an athlete that actually shaves performance, and it's a slippery slope to having a true contest, and it starts to resemble wrestling.

    "Gambling is maybe good news for revenue, but it's bad news for the integrity of the game and continued fan interest."

    SEN ERIC SCHMITT PUSHES FOR LEGISLATION TO TACKLE RISING SPORTS TICKET COSTS

    NFL Feeding Gambling Addictions

    Sportsbook in Las Vegas

    The sportsbook in the Circa Resort & Hotel ahead of Super Bowl LVIII in Las Vegas, Nevada, on Feb. 10, 2024. (Mario Hommes/DeFodi Images via Getty Images)

    Steinberg is the author of four books, including his latest, due out March 24, titled "The Comeback: A Playbook for Turning Life's Setbacks Into Victories." Part of that book details Steinberg's battle with alcohol addiction, and he's concerned that the NFL's ties to gambling could have a terrible effect on some of its fans.

    Beyond likely losing a lot of money, that is.

    "They're going to create a whole new generation of gambling addicts," he said. "Because certain people can't handle this. Second of all, if you don't feel the games are played on a level playing field with equal officiating, rules, every player trying his hardest … If you introduce into the fan's brain that there's a possibility that something else is going on other than what they see on the field, it's a disaster."

    There is already a faction of NFL fans on social media who refer to the NFL as scripted. Some NFL staff even publicly joke about this narrative. But all it takes is one player, innocently or not, sharing injury information that gets leaked into gambling circles as to affect betting lines, and the NFL would have a scandal on its hands.

    NFL Exporting Games Around Globe

    Daniel Jones in action

    New York Giants quarterback Daniel Jones (8) carries the ball against the New York Giants in the second half during the 2024 NFL Munich Game at Allianz Arena. (Kirby Lee-Imagn Images)

    But none of this is so far slowing the NFL from its steady, seemingly inexorable expansion into becoming a global game.

    "In today’s world, we have to be global," Commissioner Roger Goodell told fans in Ireland last season before the Pittsburgh Steelers and Minnesota Vikings played in Dublin. "Every time we play an international game, fans say they want more. I really, truly believe our game can and will be global. Our job is to share our game with the rest of the world."

    The NFL will play a record nine international games in 2026 across four continents, seven countries and eight stadiums: 

    • London, U.K. (Two games in Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, One in Wembley Stadium)
    • Madrid, Spain (Bernabéu Stadium)
    • Melbourne, Australia (Melbourne Cricket Ground)
    • Mexico City, Mexico(Estadio Banorte)
    • Munich, Germany (FC Bayern Munich Stadium)
    • Paris, France (Stade de France Stadium)
    • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Maracanã Stadium)

    Paris, Melbourne and Rio are new additions to the International slate. And they won't be the last, if things go according to plan.

    "We would like to get to 16 games, so everyone is playing one game a year internationally," Goodell said.

    Players Do Not Want 18th Game

    But every game that is exported is a game that leaves the United States. 

    Well, the NFL has a long-range plan for that which may appease some fans but will surely displease players and that is adding another game. Even though Goodell cautioned during Super Bowl week that adding an 18th game was "not a given," he added that NFL owners want to discuss such an expansion with the NFL Players Association. 

    That's because the NFL definitely wants to some day offer an 18-game regular season and two bye weeks that begins on or before Labor Day and ends on the Sunday prior to President's Day. That plan would include two preseason games to give each team a dry run for a home and away game.

    "Our members have no appetite for an 18th regular-season game," NFL Players Association interim Executive Director David White said during the union’s annual Super Bowl week news conference in San Francisco.

    But the players' union has balked at additional games in the past. And then it has given in to additional games in collective bargaining in return for more money. So the league believes one more game can again be negotiated.

    Cam Skattebo on his back in pain

    New York Giants running back Cam Skattebo (44) reacts after an injury during the first half of an NFL football game against the Philadelphia Eagles on Sunday, Oct. 26, 2025, in Philadelphia. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

    More Games Cost YOU More Money

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    NFL faces challenges with growth opportunities
  • 蚂蚁庄园小课堂7.8问题答案:

    问题:古代学校在夏季放假,主要是为了?

    答案:农忙

    答案解析:

    1、古代学校也会放暑假的,但这个暑假跟现在的不一样,当时叫田假。

    2、古时候重农抑商,夏天正好是农忙的时节,家里人手不够就得喊孩子来帮忙。

    3、所以学生会放一个月的田假,去收割农作物,可不是因为天气太热而放假的。

    以上就是蚂蚁庄园夏季放假的答案,夏天胃口确实差,太热了吃不下。

    推荐阅读:蚂蚁庄园7.8答案

    " onerror="this.src='/skin/images/nopic.png'">
    蚂蚁庄园:古代学校在夏季放假主要是为了
  • 随着中国房价的不断攀升,我们的生活空间也越来越小,在有限的空间如何得到更大的空间体验呢?选购合适的家电产品也是重要的一个因素!

    从扶扇到电扇,从传统空调到家用中央空调,这是时代发展的轨迹,也是家居生活的里程碑。如今传统空调仍旧大行其道,而家用中央空调也不甘示弱,紧居其后,遂有取代之势,这一切还得取决我们的国民经济水平和居家生活方式,而这不过只是短暂的时间问题,家用中央空调未来普及大势所需。

    除了生活水平和生活方式外,更多的人则愿意从实际出发,看看家用中央空调到底好不好,很多人都抱着观望的态度最终投身家用中央空调系统中,下面我们将为大家全面分析家用中央空调的优缺点,除了家用中央空调普遍拥有的优缺点外,我们还从最常见的三种家用中央空调类型出发,逐一分析家用中央空调的优缺点,让你更好的选择家用中央空调。

    家用中央空调优点:   

    1.能耗比高;    

    2.温差小,非常舒适;    

    3.各个居室温度可自由调节,较为节能;  

    4.水管占用空间少,便于装修;     

    家用中央空调缺点    

    1.系统复杂,成本较高,且施工质量不高存在漏水隐患,维修麻烦;   

    2.无法直接引入新风;    

    3.受气候影响,低于-5℃时无法正常工作,需安装辅助加热装置,也须另耗一些电能;


    " onerror="this.src='/skin/images/nopic.png'">
    大势所趋!家用中央空调优缺点解析 —万维家电网
  • 进口煤价格倒挂 或拉动煤价反弹
  • 前言

    在现代ULSI电路中沟道热载流子 (CHC) 诱导的退化是一个重要的与可靠性相关的问题。载流子在通过MOSFET通道的大电场加速时获得动能。当大多数载流子到达漏极时,热载流子(动能非常高的载流子)由于原子能级碰撞的冲击电离,可以在漏极附近产生电子—空穴对。其他的可以注入栅极通道界面,打破Si-H键,增加界面态密度。CHC的影响是器件参数的时间相关的退化,如VT、IDLIN和IDSAT。

    这种通道热载流子诱导的退化(也称为HCI或热载流子注入)在NMOS和PMOS器件上都可以看到,并会影响所有区域的器件参数,如VT、亚阈值斜率、Id-on、Id-off、Ig等。每个参数随应力时间的退化速率取决于器件的布局和所使用的工艺。

    33aa48ac-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图1. 通道热载流子退化

    CHC退化测试的过程

    一个典型的通道热载流子测试过程包括一个被测试器件(DUT)的初始化表征,然后是一个应力和测量循环[1](图2)。在这个循环中,器件承受的电压高于正常工作电压的压力。器件参数包括IDLIN、IDSAT、VT、Gm等,在应力之间进行监测,并将这些参数的退化绘制为累积应力时间的函数。在进行此应力和测量循环之前,将测量同一组器件参数作为基线值。

    340a4c2a-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图2. 典型的CHC测试过程

    应力条件是基于最坏情况下的退化条件,这对于NMOS和PMOSFET是不同的。通常,对于漏极电压应力,它应小于源极漏极击穿电压的90%。然后,在漏极应力电压下,栅极应力电压因晶体管类型和栅极长度而不同。表1显示了使用不同技术[2]创建的NMOS和PMOSFET的最坏情况退化条件。

    346bacae-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    表1. NMOS和PMOS FETs的最坏情况应力条件

    使用4200A-SCS半导体表征系统上的ITM可以很容易地确定最坏情况下的应力条件。

    器件连接

    在单个晶体管上执行CHC测试很容易。然而,每个CHC测试通常需要很长时间才能完成,所以希望有许多dut并行施加压力,然后在应力之间按顺序进行表征,以节省时间。为了实现这一点,需要一个开关矩阵来处理并行应力和应力之间的顺序测量。图3显示了针对多个DUT的典CHC测试的硬件配置。4200A-SCS提供了应力电压和测量能力,而开关矩阵支持并行应力和多个器件的顺序测量。

    根据被测试器件的数量,使用可容纳一个矩阵开关(12个器件引脚)的708主机,或者使用最多6个矩阵开关(最多72个引脚)的707主机。不同栅极和漏极应力值的总数受到系统中SMU数量的限制。图4说明了使用8个SMU(总共8个不同的漏极和栅极应力偏差)加上一个接地单元(接地端子)并联20个晶体管对器件进行压力测试的连接图。

    3621dcda-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图3. 硬件配置连线图

    367b9b4e-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图4. 使用8个SMU并行施加压力20个器件的示例。公共端子使用单独的接地单元(GNDU)。

    确定器件参数

    被监测的热载流子参数包括VTH、GM、IDLIN和 IDSAT。这些参数在应力之前首先测量,并在每个累积应力时间后重新测量。IDLIN是器件在线性区域测量漏极电流,而IDSAT是器件在饱和区域测量漏极电流。VTH和GM可以用恒流法或内插 / 外插法来确定。在内插 / 外插法中,VTH是由IDS- VDS曲线的最大斜率来确定。

    4200A-SCS的公式编辑器工具大大简化了这些参数的提取。内置函数包括微分获得GM,MAX函数获得最大的GM(Gmext),以及最小二乘线拟合函数提取 VTH(Vtext)。计算这些参数的公式可以在4200A-SCS提供的HCI项目中找到,并在测试库中的相应的测试中找到。这些公式的一些例子包括:

    GM = DIFF(DRAINI,GATEV)

    GMEXT = MAX(GM)

    VTEXT = TANFITXINT(GATEV,DRAINI,MAXPOS(GM))

    最后一个公式(VTEXT)是ID-VG曲线在最大GM点处的切线拟合的x截距。图5说明了公式编辑器的界面。

    36d2bbfe-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图5. 4200A-SCS的公式编辑器界面

    一旦这些参数从各个测试中计算出来,它们就可以通过选中“输出值”选项中的复选框来导出,以监测应力时间的退化。对于每个测试,都可以选择退出选项,允许系统跳过该器件,或者在器件出现故障时停止整个CHC测试。有关这些选项的更多详细信息,请参阅完整的4200A-SCS参考手册。

    设置应力条件

    在4200A-SCS软件的吉时利Clarius版本中增强的功能之一是项目树结构中可以增加一个应力循环,可以施加电压和电流应力。用户可以利用应力循环在预设时间上设置直流应力。每个周期的应力时间可以以线性或对数的方式进行设置(见图6)。该特性用于 CHC/HCI、NBTI、EM(电迁移率)和电荷捕获应用,以提供恒定的直流应力(电压或电流)。在应力 / 测量模式下,用户可以为被测器件的每个终端设置应力条件(图7)。在每个应力周期之后,4200A-SCS经过一个测量序列,其中可以包括任意数量和类型的用户定义的测试和参数提取。这些参数随时间的退化情况被绘制在应力图中。4200A-SCS的“工具包”体系结构为用户在创建测试序列和压力测量方面提供了巨大的灵活性。

    对于关键参数,可以设置一个目标退化值(图7)。一旦该参数的退化超过了目标值,特定的测试将停止。通过消除不必要的压力和测量故障器件上的周期,将会节省了大量的时间。

    372829f4-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图6. 应力循环设置页面

    37825ece-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图7. 器件应力 / 引脚连接 / 退化目标值设置窗口

    如果项目中定义了多个DUT,则可以使器件压力设置窗口中的“上一个器件”和“下一个器件”按钮在器件之间进行切换(图7)。“复制”和“粘贴”按钮可以用于将压力设置从一个器件复制到另一个器件中,而不需要在所有输入字段中重新输入所有信息。由于多个器件在不同的应力配置中并行施加应力,因此很难将所需的不同应力的数量和可用于应用它们的SMU的数量联系起来。按下“检查资源”按钮,可以很容易地确定是否有足够的SMU来处理所有涉及的压力,并查看这些SMU是如何分配给每个不同的压力的。如果开关矩阵连接到系统上,并且如果终端上的应力为0V,则默认使用接地单元。

    图8a显示了一个单独的数据表(图8a),它可以合并到相应的应力设置窗口中,以保存有关周期指数、应力时间和从应力之间的测量中提取的监测参数的信息,如ID和VT。数据将以Excel文件格式(.xls)自动保存在项目目录中,将数据以文本或Excel文件的形式导出到其他位置。如果系统处于应力 / 测量模式,监测参数相对于预应力测量的退化会自动计算,并可以绘制在图8b中。有关更多压力测量的信息,在Clarius中提供的功能,请查阅完整的4200A-SCS参考手册。

    37dc7d3c-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    a)

    3832e0be-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    b)

    图8. a) 应力数据表存储所有应力信息,包括应力期间的测量结果和应力之间测量的选定参数。b) 退化百分比数据作为应力时间函数的图

    建立CHC项目

    下面的步骤概述了构建CHC项目的典型过程。有关每个步骤的详细信息,请参考完整的4200A-SCS参考手册。

    1. 创建项目结构

    a. 确定开关矩阵是否可用

    b. 确定是否有足够的SMU可用

    c. 构建项目结构

    2. 在应力之间建立测试

    a. 如果使用了开关矩阵,进行开关连接。

    b. 使用(ITMs)构建新的测试

    c. 使用公式器工具计算器件参数

    d. 在合理条件下设置退出

    e. 对于监测退化,导出监测的参数值

    f. 重复步骤b到步骤e,以监控更多的参数

    3. 如果有多个DUT,则重复步骤2。

    4. 在子项目中,设置应力条件。

    a. 设置压力时间

    b. 设置器件应力条件

    i. 应力电压

    ii. 引脚连接

    iii. 目标退化值

    iv. 进入下一个器件

    5. 运行项目并检查退化数据

    参数退化数据和原始测量数据在项目运行期间自动以Excel文件格式保存。因此,即使项目在完成前就停止了,也已经捕获了测量数据。应力之间的原始I-V曲线可以叠加在应力循环上,所以很容易看到I-V是如何作为应力时间的函数而退化的。图9显示了覆盖21个应力循环后的Vgs-Id曲线。

    388deb3a-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图9. 多个应力的叠加数据图

    图10是一个在晶圆片上测试五个位置的CHC项目的例子。4200A-SCS通过与市场上最常见的半自动探针台兼容的内置驱动程序控制探针台的移动。

    38e6e6f4-1df9-11f1-90a1-92fbcf53809c.png

    图10. 晶圆级CHC测试的范例

    结论

    Clarius中增强的应力测量循环可以轻松设置CHC测试。结合交互式测试界面、公式工具和强大的图形功能,Clarius使4200A-SCS成为评估器件可靠性参数的理想工具,如CHC诱导的MOSFETs退化,以及它在器件表征中更广为人知的作用。

    参考

    [1] JEDEC标准28-A,“Procedure for Measuring N-Channel MOSFET Hot-Carrier-Induced Degradation Under DCStress”,2001。

    [2] Vijay Reddy,“An introduction to CMOS semiconductor Reliability”,IRPS教程,2004年。

    " onerror="this.src='/skin/images/nopic.png'">
    MOSFET热载流子效应退化测试解析
  • 县委副书记、县长王景义调研2026年一季度工业经济“开门红”工作

    县委副书记、县长王景义调研2026年一季度工业经济“开门红”工作

           1月27日上午,县委副书记、县长王景义到部分企业调研2026年一季度工业经济“开门红”工作。
           王景义先后来到河南香雪海集团有限公司、河南美是食品有限公司、河南澳柯玛冷藏专用车、河南中宏铝模有限公司、河南宏马科技有限公司等企业,走进生产车间,详细查看生产线运行、产品研发及产能释放情况,与企业负责人深入交流,重点了解订单储备、技改升级、要素保障等方面的进展与诉求。针对食品加工、冷链装备、新材料等产业特点,要求企业要抢抓政策机遇,聚焦智能化、绿色化转型,开足马力扩产增效。相关部门要践行“妈妈式”服务,“一企一策”破解用地、用能、物流等难题,确保惠企政策直达快享。
           王景义强调,企业要严守安全生产底线,常态化开展隐患排查。要政企协同发力,以“开局即冲刺”的干劲挖潜增效,为县域工业经济一季度“开门红”、全年稳增长筑牢坚实基础。

     

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    县委副书记、县长王景义调研2026年一季度工业经济“开门红”工作
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